Solar

From 1960 onward, solar energy developed in a context of innovation and structured scientific policy in Senegal, Mali, and Niger. The crises of the early 1970s brought new actors to the region, as well as technological competition between thermodynamic and photovoltaic solar energy.

The article examines the changes in the European Community (EC) research funding priorities and how they determined the character of the photovoltaic and wind technologies developed between 1975 and 2013.